While cyber and physical systems were once clearly distinct, the line between the two is increasingly blurred. Cyber Physical Systems integrate computing, networking, and physical processes. The system (applications, computers and networks) monitor and control physical processes, with a feedback loop where the physical processes and equipment inform the system that pilot them.
Other terms have been used to refer to CPS in industrial environments: Operational Technology (OT), or ICS (Industrial Control Systems). Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) is the term used for ruggedized computers adapted for the control of manufacturing processes. The words “Cyber Physical Systems” speak more specifically to the increasingly network-connected nature of equipment and devices in operational environments.
CPS are integral to the operation of many critical sectors:
CPS are also increasingly being used in consumer-oriented sectors and for personal use: autonomous vehicle systems, medical monitoring, smart homes are great examples.
These cyber physical systems are at the core of the critical services that underpin our lives—our water, electricity, banking, communications, air traffic, and much more.
The 'cyber' component of CPS is what pilots its physical aspect: computer systems and applications control the actions operated by equipment, devices, or sensors which represent the ‘physical’ component of CPS. Data and communication flows between the two and even other systems that take data as input into their own processes.
CPS are proven to deliver numerous benefits, including:
CPS rarely work independently. They are typically connected to systems and applications including IT systems through IP networks. They can also be connected to third parties for monitoring, maintenance and supervision. Therefore, CPS are as vulnerable to cyber threats as any other systems and are increasingly being targeted by threat actors, including state-sponsor actors because of the critical role they play in the economy.
CPS are integrated more and more into the modern fabric of the global economy and our daily lives. Because of the benefits they provide, CPS have the potential to revolutionize many sectors and will continue to expand to make smart cities, intelligent transportation, and ‘connected everything’ a reality. CPS are entirely part of the digital revolution that every business faces.
In light of the numerous state-sponsored attacks reported against critical infrastructures, stakeholders in industrial sectors relying on CPS are now required to double down on cybersecurity. New regulation, executive orders require such entity to monitor their cyber risk and report on the management and governance of cyber risks attached to CPS.